I can doubt everything, including the perceptions of my senses, the existence of the external world, and even my own thoughts. But in the very act of doubting, I am thinking, and thus I cannot doubt the existence of myself as a thinking being. This is the foundation of all knowledge: “I think, therefore I am.”

Hell is other people. When we are confronted by others, we are no longer ourselves; we are shaped by the gaze and judgment of others. We no longer possess full freedom because the existence of others forces us to play a role. We live in the expectations of others, bound by society’s values and norms, and we lose our sense of self. True suffering does not come from external harm but from the inner realization that we have lost our freedom and our true essence.

Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains. Civilization and social institutions deprive man of his natural freedom, binding him within the framework of laws, morals, and customs. To regain freedom, humanity needs to reach a consensus through a social contract, establishing a society based on the general will, where individual freedom can be harmonized with collective interests.